Deep Interpretation of Halogenated Flame Retardants
11 Feb.,2025
Halogenated flame retardants are one of the earliest types of organic flame retardants, known for their low cost, strong stability, low dosage, and good compatibility with synthetic resin materials. As the world's largest organic flame retardant in terms of production and usage, it can maintain the original physical and chemical properties of flame retardant products.
Introduction:
Halogenated flame retardants, as an important variety of organic flame retardants, are the earliest type of flame retardants used. Due to its low price, good stability, low dosage, good compatibility with synthetic resin materials, and ability to maintain the original physical and chemical properties of flame retardant products, it is the world's largest production and usage of organic flame retardants.
Classification：
Halogenated flame retardants can be divided into chlorinated flame retardants and brominated flame retardants.
1.Chlorine based flame retardants are inexpensive, but their thermal stability is poor and they are only suitable for products with processing temperatures below 200 ℃.
2.Bromine based flame retardants have a high flame retardant efficiency, which is twice that of chlorine based flame retardants. Therefore, their relative dosage is relatively small. Additionally, due to their good compatibility with the matrix resin, they have a small impact on the mechanical properties of materials and play an important role in the field of flame retardancy.
Chlorinated Flame Retardants：
CFRs, a general term for chlorinated flame retardants; Chlorine plasticizers, a general term for chlorinated plasticizers, mainly including chlorinated paraffin (SCCP, MCCP), methyl pentachlorostearate (MPCS), etc.The most important one is chlorinated paraffin, and the following is an introduction to it.
Chlorinated paraffin is an organic compound, a chlorinated derivative of paraffin hydrocarbons, with advantages such as low volatility, flame retardancy, good electrical insulation, and low cost. It can be used as a flame retardant and PVC plasticizer. Widely used in the production of cable materials, flooring materials, hoses, synthetic leather, rubber and other products. And additives applied to polyurethane waterproof coatings, polyurethane plastic runways, lubricants, etc.
Application Scope：The mechanism of action of organochlorine flame retardants is similar to that of organobromine flame retardants, but not as efficient as bromine flame retardants. They are usually used in conjunction with antimony oxide. Chlorobridged anhydride (HET acid) is a reactive flame retardant, and epichlorohydrin can also be used as a reactive monomer to produce chlorine containing transparent flame retardant resins. Chlorinated paraffin is the main variety of chlorinated flame retardants. According to different chlorine content, it can be divided into different varieties ranging from 50 to 70. Generally, chlorinated paraffin is mainly based on grade 70, which has both flame retardant and toughening functions. The synergistic effect of chlorine antimony is very obvious. When the chlorine content in the resin is above 10% and the SB: CL ratio is 1:2, this combination will produce the best synergistic effect.
Nowadays, brominated flame retardants have become the mainstream choice in the field of flame retardancy. Its widespread application in fire prevention technology benefits from its excellent performance. Bromine based flame retardants not only have excellent flame retardant effects, but also exhibit superior heat resistance and stability while maintaining the original properties of the material. Its good compatibility with various synthetic resin materials makes it the preferred choice in the manufacturing industry. In the current technological development of flame retardants, the dominant position of brominated flame retardants demonstrates their outstanding contribution in improving fire safety.Below is an introduction to brominated flame retardants.
Brominated Flame Retardants:
Bromine based flame retardants are a new type of pollution-free fiber flame retardant. Bromine based flame retardants (39568-99-5) are convenient to use and can be directly added in the post-treatment of textiles (polyester, viscose, blended, cotton, pure polyester), completing the entire process of finishing at room temperature.
Description: This product is a white crystal with a melting point of 272.5 ℃.
Description: This product is a white crystal with a melting point of 272.5 ℃.
Bromine flame retardants include octabromoethane, decabromodiphenylethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane, brominated epoxy resin, decabromodiphenylether, etc. Among them, octabromoethane and decabromodiphenylethane are the most commonly used flame retardants and are also the main types of flame retardants used by Qibo Company. The following is the main introduction to octabromoethane and decabromodiphenylethane.
Octabromoether:
Octabromoether, also known as tetrabromobisphenol A (2,3-dibromopropyl) ether. Abbreviated as BDDP, with a molecular weight of 943.65. Grey white powder with a relative density of 2.17. Melting point 107~120 ℃. The theoretical bromine content is 67.7%. Soluble in dichloroethane, toluene, acetone, slightly soluble in water and methanol. A temperature of 325 ℃ with a 5% loss in quality.
| Appearance | White powder or particles |
| Bromine content | ≥ 67% |
| Volatiles | ≤ 0.5% |
| Acetone insoluble substance | ≤ 0.06% |
| Thermal decomposition temperature | >285 ℃ |
| Melting point | ≥ 105 ℃ |
| CAS | 21850-44-2 |
Octabromoether structural formula
Octabromoether is a white powder, low toxicity, soluble in benzene, acetone, chloroform, etc., insoluble in water and hexanol, with a decomposition temperature greater than 285 ℃. It is the main product of deep processing of tetrabromobisphenol, with better flame retardant effect. Octabromoether, as an additive flame retardant, is a highly efficient flame retardant that contains both aromatic and aliphatic bromines, with excellent thermal and photo stability. Mainly used in polypropylene, polypropylene, polypropylene resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, and resins. Compared with hexabromocyclododecane, it has a higher decomposition temperature and in some aspects cannot be replaced by hexabromocyclododecane.
Qibo's products, which use octabromoether as the main flame retardant, include P01 and P02. P01 is generic, regardless of copolymerization and homopolymerization of PP, and it has good flame retardant effect and can also resist aging and static electricity. It often acts on corrugated pipes, honeycomb panels, injection molded parts, hollow panels, etc. in the plastic industry. P02 is often used on plastic products in railways and coal mines, with a long service life. It is also used on ceramics and glass because it has a characteristic of making the products white and glaze.
Decabromodiphenylethane(DBDPE):
Decabromodiphenylethane is a widely used broad-spectrum additive flame retardant with the chemical formula C14H4Br10. The relative molecular weight is 971.31. It is a white or light yellow powder. Slightly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Melting point 357 ℃. Theoretical bromine content is 82.3% . High bromine content, good thermal stability, excellent UV resistance, and lower permeability compared to other bromine flame retardants; Especially suitable for producing high-end materials such as computers, fax machines, telephones, copiers, household appliances, etc., flame retardant.
| Appearance | white or light yellow powder |
| Boiling point | ≤676.2 ℃ |
| Water solubility | 0.72 μ G/L (room temperature) |
| Acetone insoluble substance | ≤ 0.06% |
| Density | 3.25 g/cm ³ |
| Melting point | 357 ℃ |
| CAS | 84852-53-9 |
Decabromodiphenylethane structural formula
Decabromodiphenylethane does not produce toxic polybrominated dibenzodioxane (PBDO) and polybrominated dibenzofuran (PBDF) during thermal cracking or combustion. The materials used for flame retardancy fully comply with the requirements of European regulations on dioxins and do not pose a threat to the environment.
Decabromodiphenylethane is non-toxic and does not cause any teratogenicity to organisms. It has no side effects on aquatic organisms such as fish, and can be said to meet environmental protection requirements.
Decabromodiphenylethane is quite stable in the system used, and thermoplastic materials that are flame retardant with it can be recycled.
The adverse effect of decabromodiphenylethane on the properties of flame retardant materials is smaller than that of traditional flame retardants decabromodiphenylether, and it has good light resistance and low permeability.
Decabromodiphenylethane is a new, broad-spectrum, efficient, and environmentally friendly additive flame retardant developed and produced in recent years. Its heat resistance, light resistance, and non dialysis properties are better than those of decabromodiphenyl ether. The flame retardancy of the two is basically the same, but it does not produce the worry of polybrominated dioxins during flame retardancy, and its toxicity is lower than that of decabromodiphenyl ether. Although decabromodiphenyl ether was exempted in October 2005, it is not ruled out that it may still be banned from production and use more than a decade later. Therefore, decabromodiphenyl ethane is an excellent substitute for decabromodiphenyl ether. Decabromodiphenylethane is suitable for adhesives and sealants such as polystyrene, high styrene, ABS, epoxy resin, elastomers, etc.
Qibo Company's flame retardant products mainly use decabromodiphenylethane as the main raw material. By adding antimony oxide and combining various plastic materials such as PP, PE, ABS, etc., multiple flame retardant masterbatches have been successfully developed, such as A01, P03, E01 and other series. These flame retardant masterbatches not only have excellent fire resistance performance, but also can meet the flame retardant requirements of different plastic products through reasonable ratios during the preparation process.
Our flame retardant masterbatch is widely used in multiple fields, including but not limited to plastic products such as artificial flowers, pipes, sheets, and boards. In addition, we have specifically developed flame retardant masterbatches suitable for blow molding processes to meet the needs of blow molding specific products. Through continuous research and innovation, we are committed to providing customers with efficient and reliable flame retardant solutions, ensuring that plastic products meet strict fire protection standards in various applications.
Our flame retardant masterbatch is widely used in multiple fields, including but not limited to plastic products such as artificial flowers, pipes, sheets, and boards. In addition, we have specifically developed flame retardant masterbatches suitable for blow molding processes to meet the needs of blow molding specific products. Through continuous research and innovation, we are committed to providing customers with efficient and reliable flame retardant solutions, ensuring that plastic products meet strict fire protection standards in various applications.
Conclusion:
1.Summary of chlorine based flame retardants:
Working principle:
Working principle:
Chlorine based flame retardants generate hydrogen chloride gas during combustion, forming a flame retardant effect in both gas and condensed phases to prevent the spread of fire.
Common types:
Hexachlorocyclophosphate: It has a high flame retardant effect and is widely used in engineering plastics, rubber and other fields.
Advantages:
Excellent flame retardant effect: Chlorine flame retardants exhibit excellent fire resistance and have a significant improvement effect on certain materials.
Good thermal stability: Some chlorinated flame retardants exhibit relatively stable performance in high temperature environments.
Limitations:
Environmental issues: Due to the potential negative impact of generating hydrogen chloride gas on the environment, some chlorine based flame retardants are facing environmental pressure.
Not applicable to all materials: Chlorine flame retardants may not be suitable or have limited effects on certain materials.
Common types:
Hexachlorocyclophosphate: It has a high flame retardant effect and is widely used in engineering plastics, rubber and other fields.
Advantages:
Excellent flame retardant effect: Chlorine flame retardants exhibit excellent fire resistance and have a significant improvement effect on certain materials.
Good thermal stability: Some chlorinated flame retardants exhibit relatively stable performance in high temperature environments.
Limitations:
Environmental issues: Due to the potential negative impact of generating hydrogen chloride gas on the environment, some chlorine based flame retardants are facing environmental pressure.
Not applicable to all materials: Chlorine flame retardants may not be suitable or have limited effects on certain materials.
2.Summary of brominated flame retardants:
Working principle:
Working principle:
Bromine based flame retardants release bromine gas during combustion, forming a flame retardant system consisting of gas and condensed phases, effectively delaying flame propagation.
Common types:
Octabromoether and decabromodiphenylethane: high bromine content, commonly used to improve the flame retardant performance of materials such as plastics.
Brominated epoxy resin: mainly used in coatings, adhesives, and other fields.
Advantages:
Significant flame retardant effect: Bromine flame retardants exhibit excellent fire resistance and have good adaptability to various materials.
Widely used: widely used in multiple industries such as plastics, coatings, adhesives, etc.
Limitations:
Thermal stability: Some brominated flame retardants may have insufficient thermal stability in high temperature environments.
Common types:
Octabromoether and decabromodiphenylethane: high bromine content, commonly used to improve the flame retardant performance of materials such as plastics.
Brominated epoxy resin: mainly used in coatings, adhesives, and other fields.
Advantages:
Significant flame retardant effect: Bromine flame retardants exhibit excellent fire resistance and have good adaptability to various materials.
Widely used: widely used in multiple industries such as plastics, coatings, adhesives, etc.
Limitations:
Thermal stability: Some brominated flame retardants may have insufficient thermal stability in high temperature environments.
Overall, bromine based flame retardants and chlorine based flame retardants have their own advantages and limitations, and the specific selection should be comprehensively considered based on material type, usage environment, and environmental considerations.