In mountain region of the Hyrcanian forests of IR-Iran, road building is difficult due to larger quantities of stones and rocks (Woltjer et al., ; Parsakhoo et al., a). Thus at these regions, rock breaking is frequently performed by use of explosive agents with traditional methods of blasting such as dynamite and non-explosive demolition agents such as expansive chemical materials, rock cracker, CARDOX and rarely hydraulic hammer. Then the bulldozer and hydraulic excavator are used to remove broken stones. The detonation of non-explosive matters in the holes is for protection of the trees in adjacent zones, since it avoids the throwing around of rocks (Whitney and Stowers, ; Sarikhani and Majnonian, ; Parsakhoo et al., b).
Rock breaking technologies and equipment has developed after in Romania which led to important changes in this field of forest roads building. From to the carbides, Ferro-alloys rods, Mobile compressor for energy production with compressed air at 8-10 atm, Drills and electric drills and pneumatic hammers with a productivity of 3 m h-1 with 2 hammers were used for rock breaking (Asmarandei and Cazan, ; Aleksandrova and Sher, ).
The CARDOX system of rock breaking was perfected in the UK many years ago and has been used extensively throughout the world on major projects and projects where certain sensitivities need to be considered. These include environmental, cultural, heritage and urban areas where very little disturbance or pollution may be tolerated. CARDOX uses electrically charged compressed Carbon Dioxide (CO2) gas to gently heave, rather than explode or blast rock, making the job quicker, safer and more cost effective, consequently optimizing their own environmental and safety policies, Because CARDOX system does not use explosives in any way and noise, vibration and dust is controlled (Singh, ; Dey and Ramcharan, ).
Chemical demolition agents such as KATROCK, DEXPAN and FRACT.AG are highly expansive powder compositions for stone breaking, non toxic chemicals and environmentally friendly, safe, controlled demolition agent used as an alternative to blasting. Chemical non-explosive demolition agents are mixed with clean water and poured into pre-drilled holes on rock and concrete. The holes are often prepared by pneumatic hammer. The diluted non-explosive demolition agent swells and exerts significant expansive thrust on the hole-wall. After a certain period, the pressure induced by the chemical non-explosive demolition agent fractures the wall and splits the rock across the line of the drill holes. These chemicals easily split and fracture mass rock without producing any noise, vibration, toxic gases or flying debris (Murray et al., ).
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The rock cracker is a non-explosive rock-splitting tool that makes use of the technology of motive force. After the borehole is drilled, it is filled with water and the cracker cartridges and tee-piece are inserted. After firing mechanism, the stone is split successfully into several pieces with the rock cracker, without requiring a blasting license (Ginzburg, ).
The hydraulic hammer mounts on backhoes or excavators for demolition work. The hammer of this equipment has various shape and size. Moil, chisel and blunt are the most important drill attachments of the hydraulic hammer for demolition and boulder breaking process. The moil is a standard tool for almost any application. The moil point is ideal for general use in demolition (Haarlaa, ; Voitsekhovskaya, ; Tuncdumir, ).
When using a multiple criteria decision-making method, the criteria that will affect the selection should be determined beforehand. The most important factors for selecting the demolition agents for forest roads construction in Hyrcanian Mountains are environmentally pollutions, purchasing, transporting and preparing cost and demolition power. The basic principle in demolition agent selection is to define the degree of priority or governing factors among the ones given above and then determining the matching demolition agent and the alternatives to these parameters comparatively (Coulter et al., ; Sanchidrian et al., ).
The objectives of this research were to select the best demolition agent for breaking the three types of stones (i) moist sandstone, limestone and marl (ii) dry sandstone, limestone and marl and (iii) laminated schist stone in mountain regions of the Hyrcanian forests of IR-Iran with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and Expert choice software.
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